안녕하세요?
조동사 Can / May / Must / have to / don't have to에 대해 학습을 해 보겠습니다.
각각의 조동사의 쓰임과 뜻 주의 할 점등을 학습할 것이며 궁금하신 사항은 댓글로 남겨주세요. 답변 드리겠습니다. 여러분의 영어 학습에 많은 도움 되길 바랍니다. 영어 마스터 그날까지 반복 또 반복하세요.^^
조동사(Auxiliary Verb)
조동사란 동사를 보조해주는 동사라는 뜻로 동사의 앞에 쓰여서 동사의 의미를 더해 주는 기능을 합니다. 문법적으로 조동사다음의 동사는 반드시 동사의 원형으로 써야 하며 조동사의 연속적인 순서로 쓰는것은 문법에 맞지 않으니 주의 해야 합니다.
조동사+동사원형
조동사+조동사 ( x )
Ⅰ. Can, Could의 용법
1. 능력, 가능 : ~할 수 있다.
( can v = be able to v ) = be capable to v
- can은 be able to 와 바꿔 쓸수 있습니다.
⋆ 현재 : I can speak English. = I am able to speak English.
⋆ 과거 : I could speak English = I was able to speak English.
⋆ 미래 : I will be able to speak English.
⋆ 현재완료 : I have been able to speak English.
⋆ 과거완료 : I had been able to speak English.
⋆ 미래완료 : I will have been able to speak English.
2. 추측, 강한 의혹.
① 의혹 (도대체 ∼일까?)
∙Who can he be? (도대체 누구일까?)
∙Can it be true? (도대체 그게 사실일까?)
∙Where can it be? (그것이 도대체 어디에 있을까?)
② 부정적 추정 (cannot be : ∼일리가 없다) (cannot +have + pp : ∼이었을 리가 없다.)
∙It cannot be true.
∙He cannot be honest. (현재의 추측 : 그는 정직할 리가 없다)
= It is impossible that he is honest.
∙It cannot have been true. (사실이었을 리가 없다.)
∙He cannot have been honest. (과거의 추측)
= It is impossible that he was honest.
∙Can he have written this English composition?
- No, he can't have written it.
⋆cannot이 추측을 나타낼 땐 과거형에 could not을 사용치 않고, 반드시 cannot + have + p.p. 형태를 사용할 것.
3. 허가 또는 가벼운 명령 (=may) ~해도 된다.
∙You can go home now. (허가) 너는 지금 집에 가도 된다.
∙Can I help you?
4. 공손한 표현 ~하시겠습니까?
∙Could you show me the way to the station? (공손) 역으로 가는 길을 알려 주시겠습니까?
5. 관용적 표현 : cannot ∼ too⋯ 아무리 ∼해도 지나치지 않다.
∙We cannot be too careful of our health.
∙We cannot praise him too much.
∙We cannot be too careful in the choice of our friends.
∙We can scarcely pay too high a price of liberty.
∙It can never be too late to learn anything.
Ⅱ. May, Might의 용법
1. 허락, 허가 : ∼해도 좋다 ↔ must not v ~해서는 안된다.
∙May I smoke here?
- Yes, you may. (허가) - No, you may not. (불허가) - No, you must not. (금지)
∙You may go into the garden; but you must not pluck the flowers.
∙You may call him a good scholar, but you cannot call him a good teacher.
∙He may be called a poet, but he cannot be called a scholar.
2. 추측, 추정 ∼일지도 모른다. ↔ may not v
∙What he says may be true, or may not be true.
∙He may be rich. = It is possible that he is rich. (현재의 추측 : may + 원형)
∙He may have been rich. = It is possible that he was rich. (과거의 추측 : may have + p.p)
∙가정법 과거완료 = might have + p.p.
∙He may meet her. (= It is possible that he meets her.) (그는 그녀를 만날지도 모른다 : 현재의 추측)
∙He may have met her. (= It is possible that he met her.) (그는 그녀를 과거에 만났을지도 모른다 : 과거의 추측)
∙I may have seen him before.
∙He may have said so. (추정 : 진짜 그렇게 말했을지도 모른다.)
∙He might have said so. (가정 : 실제는 그렇게 말하지 않았다.)
∙He might have met her. = He might have met her, if he had not been busy. (가정법 과거완료) = He did not meet her, as he was busy. (직설법 과거)
3. 능력 (may v = can v)
∙Gather roses while you may. (시기를 놓치지 마라) (may = can)
∙A man may be known by his friends.
4. 기타 관용적 용법.
1) 기원문 : 기원, 소원을 나타내는 경우
∙May you succeed! (성공하기를 빕니다!)
∙May the Emperor live long! (황제 만세!)
∙May be rest in peace! (편히 잠드소서!)
2) 목적
∙I learned German so that I might not be at a loss as a doctor.
∙He works very hard (so) that his parents may live in comfort.
3) 양보
∙He may be a bright boy but he is quite selfish
⋆may ∼ not : 비록 ∼이라 해도, 과연 ∼이지만
4) may well + VR : ~하는 것은 당연하다.
과거 : may well have + p.p.
∙She may well be proud of her son.
∙He may well say so.
Tip 동의어 (~하는 것은 당연하다) = He says so, and well he may. = He has good reason to say so. = It is natural that he should say so. = no wonder = a matter of course = not surprising = I take it for granted that he says so. |
5) may (might) as well A as B : B하느니 차라리 A하는게 낫다.
∼할 바에는 ⋯하는게 낫다. ∼하는 것은⋯하는 것과 같다. ⋆실현 가능한 일에는 : may as well ∼ as ⋆실현 불가능한 일에는 : might as well ~ as |
∙You may as well not know a thing at all as know it imperfectly. (그것을 불완전하게 아느니, 차라리 전혀 모르는 것이 낫다.)
∙You might as well reason with the wolf as try to persuade him. (그를 설득하려고 시도하는 것은 이리를 설득하려는 것과 같다.)
∙You might as well expect the sun to rise in the west as expect me to change my opinion.
6) may as well = had better ∼하는게 좋다.
∙You may as well begin at once. = might as well = had better
7) 공손한 표현 : may보다 might가 더 정중한 표현임
∙Might I ask your mane?
∙You might bring me a cup of coffee.
∙Might I ask you a question?
Ⅲ. Must, have to, had to
1. 필요, 의무 (must + 의지동사) = have to v
∙You must go there.
= It is necessary that you should go there.
= It is necessary for you to go there.
2. 추측 (must + 무의지동사)임에 틀림이 없다.부정↔cannot be ~ 일리없다
∙He must be honest. (현재의 추측)
= I am sure that he is honest.
= It is certain
= It is impossible ≠ He cannot be honest.
∙He must have been honest. (과거의 추측)
= I am sure that he was honest.
= It is impossible ≠ He cannot have been honest.
3. 기타 용법.
① ∙He must (needs) come. (꼭 ~한다고 고집하다)
needs : 꼭, 반드시 란 뜻의 부사
∙He must (needs) have his own way. : 그는 꼭 자기 생각대로 해야한다.
② 필연, 불가피
∙Sooner or later, death must come to us all! (필연 : 반드시 ~하다. 조만간 죽음은 우리 모두에게 다가온다)
∙All must die.
③ 금지, 허가
∙You must not tell a lie. (금지; ~해서는 안된다) ≠ You may tell a lie. (허가; ~해도 좋다)
∙You mustn't make such a great noise.
∙I think that I must go. 과거: I thought that I must go.
4. Have to, had to의 용법
① have to v = must v : ~해야만한다
⋆must는 추측(∼임에 틀림이 없다)에도 쓰이지만, have to는 필요, 의무에만 쓰이고 추측에는 못쓴다.
부정 : ~할필요가 없다.
don't have to v = need not v = need not v = do not need to v |
∙You don't have to go there at once.
tip 주의 have to v = must v -> have to v와 must v는 해야한다(의무)로써 같은의미입니다. 그러나, don't have to v ≠ must not v -> don't have to v 와 must not v 은 ~할 필요 없다(불필요) , ~해서는 안된다(금지)로서 다른 의미를 나타낸다. |
⋆의문문: Do you have to go there?
⋆과거형: You had to go there.
⋆미래형: You will have to go there.
∙You have only to do your duty. (~하기만 하면 된다)
② have to, had to의 부정문과 의문문
㉠ 부정문
∙don't have to = have not to
∙didn't have to = had not to
㉡ 의문문
∙Do you have to∼?
∙Have you to∼?
∙Did you have to∼?
∙Had you to∼?
⋆tip :미국은 Do, Did를 많이 사용하며 영국은 습관적·규칙적인 일을 나타낼 때 흔히 Do, Did를 쓴다.
③ must의 과거형 : had to must의 미래형 : will(shall) have to
④ 간접화법에서 must의 과거는 had to 또는 그대로 must 사용
∙He said he must(=had to) look after the child.
∙He said it must(≠had to) be true. (추측)
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